Is God One, or Three, or More?

The debates have waged on for millennia: is God one, or three, or more? What are the implications of these positions? How important is it that we decide? Can we know? Well, enough with the rhetorical questions . . .

In the previous post (Does God Change?) we briefly addressed the issue of the infinitude of God. All attributes of God hang on this one issue. If God is not infinite, then there are only feeble explanations for our existence, and little hope to assure us as we look toward the future. On the other hand, if God is infinite, the whole story changes. Let’s start by examining infinitude.

Infinitude can be described as limitless, boundless, never beginning, and never ending. What’s more, there are at least three types of infinitude: magnitudinal, intricate, and dimensional. It may help to think of these types as outward, inward, and locational infinities. (For more on these infinities see Slices of God, chapter 2.06.) We will focus primarily on magnitudinal and dimensional infinitudes in this post.

If God is infinite, nothing is greater than God. God is all encompassing. Nothing can have attributes that God does not have. For instance, if God is infinite, it is impossible for me to be compassionate and God not be compassionate. Likewise, it is impossible for me to be more compassionate than God is. So what are the implications of this infinitude on the question at hand?

If God is comprised of three or more unique entities, then none of them is infinite. Why? If each of the entities has attributes or unique qualities the others do not have, then each of them is less than infinite, for infinitude is all encompassing. Furthermore, the summation of the parts does not add up to infinity, since infinitude is beyond the parts.

Here’s the bottom line: for God to be infinite, God must be one. Many religious texts concur. So, is that the end of the story? Obviously not, or I wouldn’t have asked the question. To continue we need to examine dimensional infinitude.

The best way to describe dimensional infinitude is to float off subject a bit, diving into aquarium maintenance. (Every pun intended!) For a more exhaustive journey, read Slices of God, chapter 3.12. To summarize here, think about sticking your fingers into the water in an aquarium. (If you have never done so, go for it!) If you view your fingers from the side of the aquarium, looking upward, you will see only the fingers and their reflection on the surface of the water. No hand will be visible: just the individual fingers. The phenomenon is due to the internal reflection of light when viewing the surface of the water at angles steeper than what’s called the critical angle. In other words, the surface of the water acts as a mirror, reflecting only the portion of the fingers that are submerged. You may be wondering, “What in God’s blue aqua does this have to do with God being one or more?”

Example of Internal Reflection: Bird-of-Paradise

Suppose, just for a moment, that we are the fish looking up at the fingers that feed us and maintain the aquarium. I can just hear the fish theologies swirling. “The maintenance God must be one!” “But, can’t you see the five finger-gods that care for us?” And so it goes . . .

God is dimensionally infinite, existing beyond our little aquarium. Has God ever entered our waters? Did the internal reflections cause us to believe that there were two or three or more independent entities? I believe so. After all, isn’t that what the name Immanuel means? Some scriptural texts refer to this “God with us” as the arm of God, submerged into our domain to set things right[1].

But, ultimately, behind some dimensional curtain or watery interface, God is one.

-Sam Augsburger

Slices of God: Strange, Dimensional, and Fractal Perspectives on God and the Cosmos

[1] Isaiah 53:1-12,

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Does God Change?

Great Is Thy Faithfulness is an old favorite hymn of mine. In one of its lines it proclaims, “There is no shadow of turning with thee.” I find comfort envisioning a God that does not whimsically morph from friend to foe, merciful to vindictive, or reliable to random. There is security in stability.

But, is there a limit to the extent to which God does not change? The Rock of Gibraltar is often referred to as a symbol of unchangeable stability, yet it has changed over time, given the forces of eroding tides, rain, and winds. Why are we so certain there is no change in God? Actually, I believe that no change in God whatsoever is problematic. Here’s why . . .

Let us start with the assumption that God exists. If that is indeed the case, God must be infinite. If God is infinite, we certainly cannot have characteristics that God does not have. That being the case, God must be a living entity. (For extensive arguments supporting these points, see Slices of God, chapters 2.02 through 2.04.)

What does living mean? Does God breathe? Is God growing, aging, or improving? If we believe God is developing (or worse yet, that the composite of all of us is God), then the infinitude of God is immediately called into question. If God is something today that God was not yesterday, then God never was infinite. Infinitude is not something anyone or anything, including God, can become. Infinitude simply is or is not. It would appear, then, that a living God and an infinite God are mutually exclusive.

I think you know I would not be writing this blog if I thought God was not living. So, how do I reconcile this impasse? First of all, it may well be that my definition of living is quite limited. There may be an infinite number of variations on the theme of life. Secondly, I am confined to time, whereas an infinite God, the creator of time, has no such bounds. What does living outside the bounds of time imply?

It implies “timeless change.” God is all change: infinite change. God’s change, and therefore God’s “life,” simply is. Without the constraints of time, all possibilities simply are.

God is. God is infinite. God is timeless. God is life. Rather than thinking of God as a life form that is breathing, it may be more accurate to think of God as breath. Rather than thinking of God as living, think of God as life. God is all change: infinite change. God is.

-Sam Augsburger

Slices of God: Strange, Dimensional, and Fractal Perspectives on God and the Cosmos

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Buckets vs. Conduit

I grew up with a version of Christianity that focused primarily on my salvation. It was all about my forgiveness, my transformation, my destiny, and my eternal reward. It was about my ticket to heaven rather than damnation to Hell. It was a theology of buckets. These buckets accumulated forgiveness, grace, blessings, honor, and love. They stored up and held tightly to the treasures of heaven that I was promised. To examine this theology of buckets more closely, we need to briefly look into the world of fractals . . .

Fractals are all around us. They are in us. We are in them. Nature is ordered by fractals. They are complex geometric patterns that exhibit self-similarity, patterns which repeat over and over with ever-decreasing size and ever-increasing detail. Fractals are the essence of the cosmos.

Fractals are present in governments, businesses, economics, societies, ecology, science, anatomy, and mathematics. Some are visible in nature, such as the progression from forests to trees to limbs to branches to twigs to leaves to veins to compounds, etc. Others are subtle, such as societal structures containing relationships that contain relationships that contain relationships. The strangest point to be made is this: there is nothing in existence that is not a part of the fractal.

One example from nature is found in orbits. From an electron spinning and orbiting the nucleus of an atom, to the moon spinning and orbiting around our planet, our planet spinning and orbiting around the Sun, the Sun spinning through our galaxy, our galaxy spinning around a sector of the universe, to the universe itself spinning within 4-D space-time: everything spins. The orbit theme permeates the cosmos.

From waterways to animal vascular systems, from ancestral trees to literal trees, from seed patterns in sunflowers to reproductive patterns in rabbits, from seconds to millennia, fractals are expressed throughout the cosmos. A most fanciful example is found in Romanesco Broccoli. The patterns in fractals never end . . .

I do not know how else to say it, my friend, but there are no buckets on the fractal. There are no endpoints on the fractal. You will not find them in scripture. You will not find them in the cosmos. They do not exist. Examining any fractal in detail does not lead to endpoints with a storehouse of goods, but to more detail that leads to more detail that leads to . . .

There are no buckets on the fractal; there is only conduit. Scripture tells us that being a part of the fractal means propagating the fractal. Jesus said, “I am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit . . .”[1] What comes before us must come after us. It must pass through us! We must be conduit to be alive on the fractal. Let me put it more bluntly: we cannot receive anything that does not flow through us to the rest of the fractal.

Various analogies in scripture substantiate this principle. The tree analogy is perhaps the best. Branches will not survive if they do not receive sap from the trunk. But unless the sap also flows through the branches to the rest of the tree, not only will the tree fail to produce fruit, but that branch, too, will die. No wonder Jesus talked about cutting off branches that do not bear fruit, or should I say, that do not let the sap flow.

Jesus said, “From everyone who has been given much, much will be demanded; and from the one who has been entrusted with much, much more will be asked.”[2] In other words, “A large sap flow in must equal a large sap flow out.”

Let me word it more concisely and bluntly. To be forgiven, we must forgive. We can receive forgiveness only as it flows through us to those around us. There are no forgiveness-accumulating buckets.

To receive grace, it must flow through us to others. We can receive grace only as it flows through us. There are no grace-accumulating buckets.

If we judge others, we will receive the same sap. We will receive judgment as it flows through us. There are no buckets before us to stop the flow on to us.

There are no buckets on the fractal: only conduit.

As such, forgiveness is not static. It cannot be held. It is like a dynamic current. Either we are a part of the forgiveness fractal or we are not. David Augsburger says in Dissident Discipleship, “The prayer our Lord prayed from the cross[3] confirms that he lived as though—as well as taught that—forgiving and being forgiven are inextricably interwoven.”[4] This applies to the whole fractal!

Nations will be forgiven only as they forgive other nations. Religions will be forgiven only as they forgive other religions. Races will be forgiven only as they forgive other races. Individuals will be forgiven only as they forgive other individuals. Remember the Lord’s Prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.”[5] It happens simultaneously.

The fractal is not about earning mercy, grace, forgiveness, and love. It is simply about letting them flow. We are conduit.

-Sam Augsburger

Slices of God: Strange, Dimensional, and Fractal Perspectives on God and the Cosmos

 

[1] John 15:5.

[2] Luke 12:48.

[3] Luke 23:34.

[4] Augsburger, Dissident Discipleship: A Spirituality of Self-Surrender, Love of God, and Love of Neighbor, 18.

[5] Matthew 6:12.

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Looking for the Living Among the Dead

He did it! Dad made it through the portal. It was an intense struggle. He labored from Saturday afternoon until 2:15 AM Monday morning, balancing the need to breathe with the desire to let go. In his last breath his voice mumbled what may have been a declaration that he did it!

I stood there staring at his gaunt body. What happened? It did not look anything like the person I conversed with just a day and a half before. I couldn’t see my dad in the image before me. He wasn’t there.

I have been to many funerals in my lifetime, but in all of them either the body was embalmed and neatly made-up to resemble a memorable photograph, or an urn was positioned next to such a picture. None of them presented death to me like this encounter.

All of a sudden, my furrowed brow gave way to a subtle grin. Don’t get me wrong: I miss my dad immensely. But, I realized this form that I stared at was truly not Dad. He was gone. I was staring at an empty shell: a chrysalis.

My mind went to an encounter at Jesus’ tomb the morning of his resurrection. I will let Luke tell the story . . .

“On the first day of the week, very early in the morning, the women took the spices they had prepared and went to the tomb. They found the stone rolled away from the tomb, but when they entered, they did not find the body of the Lord Jesus. While they were wondering about this, suddenly two men in clothes that gleamed like lightning stood beside them. In their fright the women bowed down with their faces to the ground, but the men said to them, “Why do you look for the living among the dead?”

Granted, Dad did not rise from the dead, as Jesus had, but the parallel was uncanny. He was gone. What was left was a collapsed shell. At that moment I heard a voice say, “Why are you looking for a butterfly inside an empty chrysalis?”

Birth had just taken place.

And I rejoice.

-Sam Augsburger

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This Slice is Slipping Away

In August of last year I posted a piece about my father. Therein I examined the ways in which he is a slice of God. He became this slice by choosing to live in grace, to walk by faith, to thirst for God, to live obediently, to practice the presence of God, to be a humble servant, and to live compassionately.

His health is failing rapidly now. I drove up yesterday afternoon to spend time with him. It is clear that he is nearing the end. There are moments of confusion and mumbling. There are also times of coherent conversation.

In one of his more coherent moments we talked a little about life and faith. I asked him, “What do you want me to tell my readers?” Without hesitation he said, “That whether you believe or not has no impact on the truth.” This is a 95 year old with congestive heart failure and a fever, yet, speaking from the heart, his words were sharp and to the point.

He caused me to ask a couple of questions. How much of what we believe has been manipulated to conform to our notions of what truth looks like? Do we deceive ourselves into thinking we have any impact on truth whatsoever? Granted, all of us are on journeys to uncover truth, but are we willing to uncover all of it, even the evidences that shake our foundations? Close to the end of life, Dad still challenges us to seek truth, not construct it.

Now I sit by this image-bearing slice of God, watching him slip away. My emotions are raw and mixed. I will deeply miss this man, mentor, friend, and father. But I know he is ready to move on. He has earned his degree. He has fought the good fight. He has lived and loved. He has endured the tensions between doubt and faith. He has walked with others down the same path. He has even carried some along the way. And now, his quest is almost over.

No, it is just about to begin . . .

-Sam Augsburger

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Ring Them Bells

For the past several weeks the lyrics of a song written by a contemporary prophet have been rolling through my head. I can’t shake them. They stir a wide range of emotions and tensions. I hope they move you to deep thought.

– Sam Augsburger

Ring them bells, ye heathen

From the city that dreams

Ring them bells from the sanctuaries

’Cross the valleys and streams

For they’re deep and they’re wide

And the world’s on its side

And time is running backwards

And so is the bride

Ring them bells St. Peter

Where the four winds blow

Ring them bells with an iron hand

So the people will know

Oh it’s rush hour now

On the wheel and the plow

And the sun is going down

Upon the sacred cow

Ring them bells Sweet Martha

For the poor man’s son

Ring them bells so the world will know

That God is one

Oh the shepherd is asleep

Where the willows weep

And the mountains are filled

With lost sheep

Ring them bells for the blind and the deaf

Ring them bells for all of us who are left

Ring them bells for the chosen few

Who will judge the many when the game is through

Ring them bells, for the time that flies

For the child that cries

When innocence dies

Ring them bells St. Catherine

From the top of the room

Ring them from the fortress

For the lilies that bloom

Oh the lines are long

And the fighting is strong

And they’re breaking down the distance

Between right and wrong

-Bob Dylan

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The Gift of Belief

Recently one of my blog readers said to another, “He should write a book!” It was then that I realized I had gone overboard in my efforts to avoid pushing my book into the faces of my readers. Little did I know that some would not see the book for the blog posts. So here we go . . .

If you, or someone you know, struggles with belief in God, dislikes the God concept you inherited, and/or seeks sound intellectual reasons to believe in the existence of God, then Slices of God may be a timely gift.

Being a scientist and intellectual, I needed more reasons to believe than, “because the Bible says so.” If God, who supposedly put the universe into motion, did so with the laws of motion Sir Isaac Newton discovered and Albert Einstein refined, then mathematics alone should be enough to verify the existence of such a deity.

Thus began a 15 year journey of collecting and processing mathematical, scientific, logical, philosophical, and mystical evidences, placing them into three categories: the strange, the dimensional, and the fractal natures of the universe. Slices of God unveils the entanglement of these categories with each other and with sentient beings like us. It deduces characteristics of an infinite God, traits that reside outside religious dogma.

The book is a journey in and of itself. It includes entertaining narratives of a young man on a quest for answers to questions birthed by the universe itself. Most significantly, the journey becomes the destination.

This season, give the gift that never ends: the gift of belief. Slices of God: Strange, Dimensional, and Fractal Perspectives on God and the Cosmos is available in paperback and Kindle versions from Amazon. Click the picture below for a link to the book and its reviews.

Bon Voyage!

-Sam Augsburger

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What Now, America?

This recent election brought so many complex issues and raw emotions to the surface. I have friends who are dishing out homemade justice, while others are shielding themselves from pure hatred. As far as the media is concerned, it is difficult to separate exaggerated truth from hyperbolical lies. What now, America? Where do we turn for truth?

The Bible says, “The Lord is compassionate, abounding in love.”[1] The Koran calls God the merciful and the compassionate.[2] We are called to be followers and imitators of Compassion.[3] Jesus said the two greatest commandments are to love God and love our neighbors (albeit an expanded definition of neighbor!)[4] It is a call to live compassionately, to empathize with sufferers, to be caretakers of those unable to care for themselves, to go the extra mile. It comes from a transformed heart: one full of compassion. If you want to know how to change the world, scripture makes it perfectly clear: “Love never fails.”[5]

To seek the truth is to be filled with compassion. The Dalai Lama understands this. In his book The Art of Happiness, he says, “I would regard a compassionate, warm, kindhearted person as healthy. If you maintain a feeling of compassionate loving kindness, then something automatically opens your inner door.” Such behavior creates openness and facilitates communication, enabling us to relate to each other more easily.[6] This is how we are to live. When we have and express compassion toward all beings, then, and only then, is God fully expressed in us. There is no greater truth than compassion.

It is also through compassion that we extend truth in grace to others. Karl Barth said, ”By this we shall be judged, about this the Judge will one day put the question, ‘Did you live by grace, or did you set up gods for yourself and perhaps want to become one yourself?’”[7] Living by grace means more than accepting it. Compassion opens the valve for grace to flow to others.

What does compassion look like? Perhaps we need to start by looking at Jesus’ description of what it does not look like. In a paraphrase by Richard Stearns, in his book The Hole in Our Gospel, Jesus said, “For I was hungry, while you had all you needed. I was thirsty, but you drank bottled water. I was a stranger, and you wanted me deported. I needed clothes, but you needed more clothes. I was sick, and you pointed out the behaviors that lead to my sickness. I was in prison, and you said I was getting what I deserved.”[8]

what-now-america

Conversely, the following Levitical text affirms that compassion welcomes strangers and foreigners wholeheartedly . . .

When a foreigner resides among you in your land, do not mistreat them. The foreigner residing among you must be treated as your native-born. Love them as yourself . . .[9]

Our focus has turned on itself. We have lost sight of the two greatest commandments: love God and others. Without compassionate living we are chaos to God. When we ignore the needs that surround us, we ignore God. When we ignore God, we ignore our own souls.

God is love.[10] In a very real sense, theology is the study of love. If our theology is built on compassionate truth, it is true theology. If we love all humankind in word and deed, we are a part of God and his domain.

All the theological debates may be waged, all the academics may argue and publish, all the strange, dimensional, and fractal books may be sold, but if none of it is filled with compassion, it is nothing. Theology that is of God is not complex; it is simple: love God and love all humankind. That is it. If you want to be sure your theology never fails you: be compassionate. The details will take care of themselves.

-Sam Augsburger

SelfPortrait

[1] Psalm 103:8.

[2] Sura II:158.

[3] Ephesians 5:1.

[4] Mark 12:29-31.

[5] 1 Corinthians 13:8.

[6] Lama, The Art of Happiness: A Handbook for Living, 40.

[7] Barth, Dogmatics in Outline, 152.

[8] Matthew 25:42-43; Richard Stearns, The Hole in Our Gospel (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010), 59.

[9] Leviticus 19:33-34

[10] 1 John 4:8.

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Does God Have Time for Me?

When I gaze at the stars, I feel small. Beyond the light-noise that fills our nighttime skies are massive collections of stars: an estimated 10 trillion galaxies. Some physicists estimate there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars in the universe as a whole, which is probably a conservative estimate.[1]

When I gaze inwardly, with respect to the universe, toward planet earth, I am overwhelmed as well. There are so many complicated and troubling issues at play across the globe that I am prone to downplay the significance of my daily struggles, let alone my existence.

Do I matter? If so, in whose eyes do I matter (besides the eyes of others also trapped in this same insignificance)? There are those who flippantly tell me I am important to God. Really? With all the aforementioned enormous distractions, am I important to God? Does God care? Does God even exist? If God does exist, does he, she, or it have time for me?

does-god-have-time-for-me

I do not intend to go through an elaborate argument or proof of God’s existence herein. For a mathematical argument on the existence and nature of God, I recommend reading Phase 2 in Slices of God. For now I will pick up where that argument leaves off: with the infinitude of God.

The bottom line is this: God cannot exist if God is not infinite. God cannot be God if he, she, or it is not infinite. There is no such thing as a puny God, as the Hulk would have us believe.[2] Mathematically, either there is no God, or God is infinite. This may be intuitive to some, but it wasn’t to me.

As a child, it bothered me to ask God for anything, especially to spend time with me, since there were so many people in the world with much greater needs than my own. This perception clearly was not based on the infinitude of God. I was not taught that God did not have time for me; it was my lack of understanding of infinitude that held me back.[3]

God is not only infinite, but strangely so. I used to think that infinitude was just one of God’s qualities or characteristics. I grew up being taught about the omniscience, omnipotence, and the omnipresence of God as though they were unique characteristics. However, my friend, all of God’s qualities and characteristics lie inside this infinitude. Every characteristic or quality of God is infinite. Mathematically, it must be so.

The infinitude of God is such that there is always more than enough to go around. Any finite value subtracted from infinity still results in infinity. A.W. Tozer is quoted as having said, “An infinite God can give all of Himself to each of His children. He does not distribute Himself that each may have a part, but to each one He gives all Himself as fully as if there were no others.”[4]

The infinitude of God has at least the following personal implications . . .

I am important to God.

Each and every detail of my life is important to God.

God has an infinite amount of time for me.

God is infinitely accessible.[5]

Friend, do not think God has no time for you. God has an infinite amount of time just for you. In fact, God is dying to spend time with you.

-Sam Augsburger

SelfPortrait

[1] http://www.space.com/26078-how-many-stars-are-there.html

[2] A reference to The Avengers.

[3] I apologize for sounding like I now understand infinitude! I obviously do not, but simply imply that it was not on my radar for most of my life.

[4] A.W. Tozer in Ben C. Ollenburger, A Mind Patient and Untamed: Assessing John Howard Yoder’s Contributions to Theology, Ethics, and Peacemaking (Telford: Cascadia Publishing House, 2004), 218.

[5] A rephrasing of the infinitude of God by Owen Burkholder.

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Are Your Beliefs Consistent?

If your system of beliefs is totally consistent, then you may have cause for concern. Allow me to give you some background for this assertion . . .

We must start with Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead, who published Principia Mathematica (PM) in 1911, a monumental work aimed at providing a complete, consistent, and non-self-referential mathematical system.[1] Kurt Gödel, a young Austrian logician and mathematician, came along in 1931 and blew PM out of the water in a remarkable published paper. He revealed numerous problems within PM and argued that no system could produce all truths, “unless it were an inconsistent system!”[2]

Stop and take a breath!

Imagine the reaction of the newly knighted Lord Russell toward this 25 year-old Gödel who declared that his book was riddled with self-reference and inconsistency, with arguments that stated “all sorts of absurd and incomprehensible things about themselves.”[3] These were the very things Russell and Whitehead had attempted to avoid!

consistency-xlsx-6

Gödel’s theorem has plagued many mathematicians, logicians, and philosophers ever since it was published. He revealed that any and all organized systems of thought cannot be both complete and consistent. If they are totally consistent, they are at the expense of excluding elements that would otherwise make them inconsistent. If they are complete, they are at the expense of including inconsistent elements.

So, is theology subject to Gödel’s theorem? Absolutely! First of all, if God does indeed exist, then there will necessarily be discontinuities and inconsistencies, given our limited perspectives of the available slices of God. It is ironic that the inconsistencies some atheists claim invalidate the God concept are the very characteristics that validate truth! [4]

If systems of belief are permitted to take their natural course with integrity, given Gödel’s theorem, there will be inconsistencies; there will be discontinuities and paradoxes. The presence of inconsistencies and paradoxes does not indicate failure, but clarifies the limits of our existence. Granted, the presence of inconsistencies does not necessarily validate a given set of beliefs, but the absence of such inconsistencies declares it incomplete. Paradox is not a guarantee that the development of such systems of belief had integrity, but if integrity runs its course paradox will be present. [5]

So where does the rubber meet the road? I grew up believing that not only should one’s beliefs be totally consistent, but both consistent and complete. (Roll over Kurt Gödel!) I spent years jumping through hoop after hoop explaining away inconsistent scriptural texts and other discontinuities. The greatest error any one of us can make, whether we are a theist, atheist, or agnostic, is to convince ourselves that our beliefs are complete. They may in fact be totally consistent, but prescriptively incomplete.

I have found a profound freedom in permitting inconsistency and incompleteness in my beliefs (as though they needed my permission to be there). I wallow in them. I soak up the knowledge that my existence prescribes such tensions, and look forward discovering more and more truth that will not be contained by my meager existence.

-Sam Augsburger

SelfPortrait

[1] A non-self-referential work avoids using itself to substantiate or prove itself.

[2] Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, 24.

[3] I Am a Strange Loop (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 147.

[4] See The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins for example.

[5] Kurt Gödel’s theorem is a dimensional phenomenon. For more on this topic read Phase 3 in Slices of God: Strange, Dimensional, and Fractal Perspectives on God and the Cosmos.

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